Functional genomics reveals a BMP-driven mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in the initiation of somatic cell reprogramming. A mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition initiates and is required for the nuclear reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysis. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. iPS cells can support full-term development of tetraploid blastocyst-complemented embryos. iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation. ES cells derived from cloned and fertilized blastocysts are transcriptionally and functionally indistinguishable. Equivalency of nuclear transfer-derived embryonic stem cells to those derived from fertilized mouse blastocysts. Induced pluripotency: history, mechanisms, and applications. Transdifferentiation by defined factors as a powerful research tool to address basic biological questions. Molecular roadblocks for cellular reprogramming. Efficiencies and mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming. Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches. Stem cells, the molecular circuitry of pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. How similar are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)? The available evidence has not settled whether the alterations seen in iPSCs are the result of the reprogramming process or whether they are due to pre-existing genetic and epigenetic differences among parental fibroblasts. We present evidence supporting a model in which the reprogramming process contains an early stochastic phase that leads to the instigation of a second more deterministic phase that starts with the activation of Sox2. This promiscuous binding of OSK is also essential for the initiation of crucial processes for the reprogramming process such as proliferation and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). OSK (OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4) factors act as 'pioneer' factors that open chromatin regions and allow the activation of those genes that are essential for establishment and maintenance of the pluripotent state. Insights gained from population-based and single-cell studies reveal two major phases during reprogramming.
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